In the command 'll &> file.txt', which streams are redirected to file.txt?

• A. stdout only
• B. stderr only
• C. stdout to file only
• D. stdout and stderr to file

Answer: (D)

In Bash, you can redirect both standard output and standard error to the same file using the &> operator. In the command ll &> file.txt, both the normal output of ll and any error messages are written into file.txt. This is shorthand for redirecting stdout to the file and then redirecting stderr to the same destination (equivalent to > file.txt 2>&1). If the file exists, it will be overwritten; to append, use &>>. The other forms would only redirect one stream: stdout only with > file.txt, or stderr only with 2> file.txt.